Essay, Research Paper: David Sculptures

David Sculptures
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David, who was destined to be the second king of Israel, destroyed the Philistine giant
Goliath with stone and a sling. Donatello, Verrocchio, Michelangelo, and Bernini each
designed a sculpture of David. However, the sculptures are drastically different from
one another. Each one is unique in its own certain way.

Donatello, whose David was the first life-size nude statue since Classical times, struck
a balance between Classicism and the realism by presenting a very real image of an
Italian peasant boy in the form of a Classical nude figure. Although Donatello was
inspired by Classical figures, he did not choose a Greek youth in his prime as a model for
his David. Instead, he chooses a barely developed adolescent boy whose arms
appeared weak due to the lack of muscles. After defeating Goliath, whose head lies at
David's feet, he rests his sword by his side, almost to heavy to handle. It seems almost
impossible that a young boy like David could have accomplished such a task. David
himself seems skeptical of his deed as he glances down towards his body. Apparently,
David's intellect, faith and courage made up for his lack of build (Fichner-Rathus
331-332).

Verrocchio, who also designed a sculpture of David, was the most important and
imaginative sculptor of the mid-fifteenth century. This figure of the youthful David is
one of the most beloved and famous works of its time. In Verrocchio's David, we see a
strong contrast to Donatello's treatment of the same subject. Although both artists
choose to portray David as an adolescent, Verrocchio's brave man "appears somewhat
older and excludes pride and self-confidence rather than a dreamy gaze of disbelief"
(Fichner-Rathus 334). Donatello balanced realistic elements with an idealized Classically
inspired torso whereas Verrocchio's goal was absolutely realism in minute details. The
sculptures also differ in terms of technique. Donatello's David is mainly a closed-form
sculpture. The objects and limbs are centered around an S-curve stance, which
balanced his human form. Verrocchio's sculpture is more open. For example, the bared
sword and elbow are sticking out, away from the central core. "Donatello's graceful
pose had been replaced in the Verrocchio, by a jaunty contrapposto that enhances
David's image of self-confidence" (Fichner-Rathus 334).

Michelangelo was yet another artist who sculpted David. His reputation as a sculptor
was established when he carved his David at the edge of twenty-seven from a single
piece of relatively unworkable marble. Unlike the David's of Donatello and Verrocchio,
Michelangelo's David is not shown after conquering his enemy. Instead, he is portrayed
as a "most beautiful animal preparing to kill-not by savagery and brute force, but by
intellect and skill" (Fichner-Rathus 345). Cast over his shoulder is David's sling, and the
stone is clutched in his right hand, his veins in chief anticipation of the fight.
Michelangelo's David depicts the ideal youth who has just reached manhood and is
capable of great physical and intellectual feats, which is part of the Classical tradition.
Michelangelo's sculpture is closed in form, like Donatello's David. All the elements move
firmly around a central axis (Fichner-Rathus 345).

Finally, there is Bernini's David, which is notably different from those of Donatello,
Verrocchio and Michaelangelo. Bernini emulated neither Donatello's triumphant boy
victor nor Michaelangelo's posturing adolescent. His hero is full-grown and fully
engaged-both physically and psychologically-as he takes aim and twists his tensed,
muscular body a split second before slinging the stone, grasped in his left hand. David
stands alone, but Goliath is simplicity envisioned directly behind the viewer. As a
viewer, we are tempted to duck. It is the anticipation of violent action that heightens
this confrontation as David's latent power is momentarily arrested (Scribner 66).

Present in this sculpture are three of the five characteristics of Baroque art: motion, a
different way of looking at space and the introduction of the concept of time. Donatello
and Verrocchio depicted David at rest after he killed Goliath, Michaelangelo, by
contrast, presented David before the battle, with the tension and emotion evident in
every vein and muscle. Bernini does not depict David before or after the fight. Instead,
he shows him in the process of the fight. This represents the element of time in his
work. The views are forced to complete the action that David has begun for us.

With David's positioning, a new concept of space comes into play. "No longer does the
figure remain still in a Classical contrapposto stance, but rather extends into the
surrounding space away from a vertical axis. This movement outward from a central
core forces the viewer to take into account both the form and the space between and
surrounding the forms-in order to appreciate the complete composition" (Fichner-Rathus
360). In order to understand the sculpture fully, we must move around the work. As we
move, the views of the work change drastically.

As you can see, the works sculpted by Donatello, Verrocchio, Michelangelo and Bernini
differed drastically. Donatello presented David as a young boy who seemed incapable
and amazed at his feat. Verrocchio's David, although an adolescent, appears somewhat
older and has more self-confidence than Donatello's David. Michelangelo's David has
just reached manhood and is capable of great physical feats, like defeating Goliath.
Finally, Bernini's David is a full grown man. He, like Michelangelo's David, also appears to
be strong, brave and gifted enough to slaughter Goliath.

Works Cited
Fichner-Rathus, Lois. Understanding Art. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall,
Inc., 1995.
Italian Masters. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1940.
Meyer, Alfred Gotthold. Donatello. Liepzig: Fischer & Wittig, 1904.
Scribner, Charles. Gianlorenzo Bernini. New York: H.N. Abrams, Publishers, 1991.