Essay, Research Paper: American Attack On Omaha And Utah Beaches During D Day

American Attack on Omaha and Utah Beaches
during D Day
Essay submitted by Joe G.

It was 1944, and the United States had now been an active participant in the war
against Nazi Germany for almost three and a half years, nearly six years for the British.
During that period occurred a string of engagements fought with ferocious
determination and intensity on both sides. There is however, one day which stands out
in the minds of many American servicemen more often than others. June 6, 1944,
D-Day, was a day in which thousands of young American boys, who poured onto the
beaches of Utah and Omaha, became men faster than they would have ever imagined
possible. Little did they know of the chaos and the hell which awaited them on their
arrival. Over the course of a few hours, the visions of Omaha and Utah Beaches, and
the death and destruction accompanied with them formed a permanent fixation in the
minds of the American Invaders. The Allied invasion of Europe began on the 6th of June
1944, and the American assault on Utah and Omaha beaches on this day played a
critical role in the overall success of the operation. (Astor 352)

An extensive plan was established for the American attack on Utah and Omaha
Beaches. The plan was so in-depth, and complex, its descriptions detailed the exact
arrivals of troops, armor, and other equipment needed for the invasion, and where
exactly on the beach they were to land.

Before the landings were to begin, the coastal German defenses had to be adequately
prepped, and softened by a combination of a massive battering by United States ships,
and bombing by the United States Air Force. Between the hours of 0300 and 0500
hours on the morning of June 6, over 1,000 aircraft dropped more than 5,000 tons of
bombs on the German coastal defenses. As soon as the preliminary bombing was over,
the American and British naval guns opened fire on the Normandy coastline (D' Este
112). A British naval officer described the incredible spectacle he witnessed that day:
"Never has any coast suffered what a tortured strip of French coast suffered that
morning; both the naval and air bombardments were unparalleled. Along the fifty-mile
front the land was rocked by successive explosions as the shells of ships' guns tore
holes in fortifications and tons of bombs rained on them from the skies. Through
billowing smoke and falling debris defenders crouching in this scene of devastations
would soon discern faintly hundreds of ships and assault craft ominously closing the
shore. If the sight dismayed them, the soldiers borne forward to attack were thrilled by
the spectacle of Allied power that was displayed around them on every hand," (D' Este
112). The scene witnessed by the British officer off of the British sectors, was also
witnessed by American commanders off of Utah and Omaha, however not to the same
extent. Many American bombers missed their targets up to as much as five miles inland
due to the thick cloud cover. Rockets which were fired from offshore destroyers landed
short killing thousands of fish, but not any Germans. Artillery from US battleships
slammed the tops of the bluffs of Omaha, and sailed into the adjacent towns, but not
did not successfully accomplish their goals of destroying targets on the beachhead
such as enemy pillboxes, artillery, and machine gun positions. (D' Este 117)

Contrary to Omaha, Utah Beach was much less fortified. Over looking the beachhead
were two large concrete casemated positions to hold large guns. Due to neglect, and
Rommel's (who was in charge of fortifying the coast of France) deflected attention to
other possible invasion sights, resulting in only one of the casemated positions to install
a large gun. The Germans had also not been able to fully construct defensive barriers
yet by the time of the invasion and also had not completely laid the number of land
mines Rommel had in mind. Aiding to the success at Utah were the underwater
demolition teams who were able to knock off many of the coastal defenses awaiting the
Americans. As the American soldiers steamed toward Utah Beach in their transports, it
was quite evident the pounding the beachhead fortifications had taken from US naval
artillery and rockets. Pillboxes, concrete casemated gun houses, machine gun posts,
and infantry positions were among many of the targets weakened, or destroyed. The
artillery not only aided the soon to be arriving troops in that many coastal threats had
been eliminated, but in that the hundreds of shell holes created provided excellent
cover for the troops coming ashore. (Astor 222)

The American assault on Utah was meticulously planned. Troop, armor, and equipment
arrivals were timed to the minute. Landing first on the beach at 0630 hours,
immediately following the naval barrage were thirty-two light assault tanks known as
DD tanks to further soften fortified positions, provide cover for the oncoming troops,
and to act as a rallying point for troops while attacking. The tanks came ashore in eight
LCTs, a type of equipment transport used for the invasion. In the wake of the LCTs
came the 2nd Battalion, 8th Infantry in twenty Higgens boats, another type of
transport designed to hold a thirty-man assault team. The 1st Battalion, 8th Infantry
arrived, bringing engineers and naval demolition teams at the same time as the second
wave came ashore in thirty-two more Higgens boats. The third wave, containing
bulldozers, and the light and mobile Sherman Tank arrived in the second, both fifteen
minutes after the initial landing. Following, the third and fourth waves were the 237th
and 299th Engineer Combat Battalions which arrived two minutes later to begin
demolition. (Ambrose 275) Before the assaults began, the planners, including General
Eisenhower, hoped everything would stick to the tight schedule. This however, proved
a pipe dream as some craft landed late, others too early, and some off course as far as
a kilometer south of the target. There were many factors which resulted in the
aggravating of the time table. Tides, wind, waves, and a thick cover of smoke were all
partially responsible for the trouble, while the biggest factor was the mines fixated just
off of the coast. These mixups resulted in the tanks landing a kilometer south, as well
as the initial ground assault of Company E of the 2nd Battalion, 8th Infantry, 4th
Division led by General Roosevelt. The American forces were in for a strike of luck
however, as the German defensive fortifications at their new and accidental landing
site, had been badly damaged from the naval artillery and air battering. The
fortifications where the landing was supposed to take place were still strong,
unscathed from the preceding bombardment.

The engineers and naval demolition teams came ashore after the first wave. They
consisted of five Navy Seabees, also known as combat demolition units, and two or
three American engineers. The engineers, who were highly trained in explosives, made
quick work of the outermost set of obstacles before the tide had a chance to cover
them up. The engineers worked at a furious pace clearing the way for more landing
craft who previously had to weave in and out of the obstacles. A foot soldier on the
beach at Utah commented on the scene. "I hopped into a slit and watched what was
happening offshore. It was all of a sudden like a beehive. Boats were coming through
the obstacles, bulldozers were pushing sand up against the seawall, and half-tracks
and tanks were able to go into the interior. It looked like an anthill." (D-Day, Ambrose
281) Engineering teams continued to work hard as more and more forces began piling
up on the now secured beach awaiting the chance to punch through the booby
trapped, and mined interior defenses. The assault on Utah Beach proved to be fairly
easy and simple compare to what was going on at Omaha. An anonymous Infantryman
from the 4th division said, "You know, it sounds kind of dumb but it was just like a
[training] exercise. Easier. We waded ashore like kids in crocodile and up the beach. A
couple of shells came over but nowhere near us. I think I even felt somehow
disappointed, a little let down."(Lewis, 101)

Omaha Beach in itself was a formidable and easily defendable position. If the Germans
were going to try and stop an Allied Invasion, Omaha Beach was the place to attempt
it. Omaha Beach stretched for approximately 10 kilometers, its sand was golden brown
in color, it was firm and fine, and during low tide there was a stretch of 300 to 400
meters of firm beach sand. It was an obvious choice for an invasion if one was to
occur. (D-Day, Ambrose 320)

The physical makeup of Omaha Beach made it easy for the Germans to defend. The
beach was adjacent to bluffs perpendicular to the beach spanning the entire 10
kilometers. On this basis, the German fortifications had an extreme advantage holding
not only the safety of the bluffs, some 200 foot height advantage at some points.
Omaha was the perfect place to hold a defensive stance against an invasion. It
provided a narrow, enclosed battlefield with no chance of being flanked. Its bluffs
provided the perfect place for fortifications, pill boxes, and machine guns, the sloping
ground leading up to the bluffs allowed for a useful trench system, and the overall
height advantage provided for a clear view of the entire killing field. (D-Day, Ambrose
321) Eisenhower did not like the idea of having to attack Omaha, but he knew it had to
be done.

Rommel took full advantage of what he learned from defending frontal infantry assaults
during the First World War. He heavily mined the coastline, and the shore. He placed
extensive amounts of barbed and razor wire leading up to the bluffs. He placed machine
guns at angles to have better shots at all points of the beach. Rommel added all types
of weapons to cover all possible weaknesses in the fortificatins. Ranges were even
predetermined to make the killing all the quicker and easier. Rommel's setup allowed for
fire coming from three different directions which was to later prove extremely deadly.
He added mortars and artillery pieces on top of the bluffs to bring fire from above.
Adding to the defense were dozens of pillboxes containing machine guns, and obstacles
to further hinder and slow down the force. (The Victors, Ambrose 135)

There were four main factors which led the Americans to believe that an attack on
such a difficult position would succeed. Intelligence reports gave the Americans the
impression that the fortifications and trenches were being manned by the 716th
Infantry Division, a supposed low quality force composed of Poles and Russians. This
was untrue, as the positions were being held by the German 352nd Division, a division
of well-trained troops. Second, intelligence reports gave the Americans the impression
that only 800 troops were manning the defenses, when in actuality, a number three to
four times that was more realistic. Third, B-17 bombers were to thoroughly prep the
site by dropping thousands of tons of bombs, however, due to the intense cloud cover,
bombers missed their targets by as much as 5 kilometers inland. Finally, the invasion
was to consist of 40,000 men and 3,500 motorized vehicles. This idea later failed
quickly as troops and vehicles quickly became backed up on the beach. Captain Walker
on a landing craft headed toward the beach commented on the sight, "I took a look
toward the shore and my heart took a dive. I couldn't believe how peaceful it was, how
untouched, and how tranquil the scene was. The terrain was green. All the buildings
were intact. The church and steeple were still standing in place. Where are the d*#n
Air Corps!" I yelled."(D-Day, Ambrose 324)

The first wave in was to consist of two battalions of the regiments landing in a column
of companies. The plan was to have assault teams to cover every inch of beach.
Weapons used to cover the successive landing crafts were to include M-1's, .30 caliber
machine guns, bazookas, 60mm mortars, and flame throwers. Just like the assault on
Utah, DD tanks were to lead the invasion ashore while naval demolition teams worked
to clear the area. Following the initial craft were to be reinforcements to bring up
stronger firepower ranging from greater numbers of M-1's to 105mm howitzers, in
addition to more tanks, jeeps, medical units, head quarters and communication units.
Two hours after the first wave, it was planned that vehicles would have already scaled
the bluffs and begin to push farther inland.

Nothing planned for the assault on Omaha went according to schedule. Only one
company landed at their target (Company A). E Company was as much as two
kilometers off course due to winds, waves, and the tides. This resulted in large gaps
between the forces coming ashore and allowed the Germans to concentrate their
firepower on the hapless Americans. The Germans poured the artillery, mortar, and
machine gun fire down onto A Company. It was an absolute slaughter. Only a few
dozen people of the 200 survived, and practically all of them were wounded. By 0640
hours, just ten minutes after the first wave, only one officer from A Company was alive,
and he had been shot in the heel and the belly. On one boat, when the ramp was
dropped, every single man of the thirty-man assault team was killed before they could
get out of the boat.

A short way down the beach, F and G Companies were experiencing problems of their
own. Sgt. Harry Bare describes the experience as they disembarked, "I tried to get my
men off the boat and make it somehow to the seawall. We waded to the sand and
threw ourselves down and the men were frozen, we could not move. My radioman had
his head blown off three yards from me. The beach was covered with bodies, men with
no legs, no arms-God it was awful."(D-Day, Ambrose 331) It was clearly evident as
wave upon wave came ashore that everything was in sheer chaos. People were being
cut down left and right by machine guns, and blown to pieces by artillery and mortar
fire. "Sgt. Clarence 'Pilgrim Robertson had a gaping wound in the upper right corner of
his forehead. He was walking crazily in the water. Then I saw him get down on his
knees and start playing the rosary beads. At that moment the Germans cut him in half
with the deadly crossfire."(D-Day, Ambrose 337) "When we were 200 yards from our
landing point I could see heavy machine-gun-bullets cutting up the sand and making a
noise like a huge swarm of bees. "My God, we are going to be slaughtered."-Sgt. H.M.
Kellar (Lewis 120)

Omaha Beach on that day was in a state of pandemonium. There was no organization
which was proven as the troops found themselves pinned with no leadership and no
where to go, with additional equipment and troops coming ashore to only back things
up worse. The Americans were pinned on the beach. Rommel had constructed the
ultimate killing field, and for a few hours, it seemed like it was going to take a miracle to
save the Americans now.

It was becoming ever more evident to American commanders that if they remained on
the beach, it would be suicide. After more than a few hours of fighting, the Americans
had only a few yards of beach, and it was under intense enemy fire. Under these
hell-like conditions, heros were sprung. Division Brigadier General Norman D. Cota
deliberately exposed himself to enemy fire while walking up and down the beach,
rallying his troops to get them moving. Colonel George A. Taylor performed a similar feat
in leading an attack against a German machine-gun post while declaring, "Two kinds of
people are staying on this beach, the dead and those about to die. Now lets get the
hell out of here!"(D' Este 114)

As the hours wore on, a greater foothold on Omaha was established. The American
Forces knew that it was absolutely imperative that they get off the beach. As more
and more soldiers began to make their way froward, reinforcements continued to arrive
bringing tanks, engineers, and more troops. Soldiers, lacking order and organizations
began working together to establish routes up the bluffs. One by one, razor wire was
blown clear, pillboxes were destroyed, and artillery batteries were eliminated. By the
end of the day more than 2,500 Americans lay dead on Omaha. It was a bloodbath,
compared to the 200 who were lost on Utah.

D-Day, June 6, 1944 was the beginning of the end of the Nazi empire. It was one of the
most important days in military history as Eisenhower's cross channel attack, the
largest in history, proved an overall success. The actions of the American soldiers on
Utah and Omaha beaches that day aided greatly in the overall triumph of the operation
as a whole. The victory at Omaha came at a very high cost, and the soldiers who took
part certainly had no idea what they were about go through before the landing. They
had no idea of the death and destruction which awaited their stepping foot onto those
beaches. For a few hours on the morning of June 6, 1944, it appeared that Rommel had
created the ultimate coastal fortification. His strategic placements of machine-guns,
mortars, and artillery pieces took a tremendous toll on the American invaders. For a
short time, it appeared that the Americans were not going to make it off the beach
that day. If not for the courage of a few individuals leading the way, all could have
been lost. Every American soldier who set foot on the beached of Omaha and Utah that
day is forever a hero. Their actions played a critical role in the success of D-Day, and
the death and destruction of the Nazi Empire. Even through all of the factors which
went wrong that day, even with out the aid of computers, they made the invasion
possible. The safety of the free world today can be directly related to the actions of
the men who came ashore on Omaha and Utah that day, June 6, 1944. D-Day.