Steven Sims

Social Studies 8-6

4/5/99

Born February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, he was the first son of

his father Augustine's second marriage; his mother was the former Mary

Ball of Epping Forest. When George was about three, his family moved to

Little Hunting Creek on the Potomac, then to Ferry Farm opposite

Fredericksburg on the Rappahannock in King George County.

In the interim, the powerful Fairfax family of neighboring Belvoir

introduced him to the accomplishments and appropriateness of mannered wealth

and, in 1748, provided him his first adventure. That year Lord Fairfax

dispatched him with a party that spent a month surveying Fairfax lands

in the still-wild Shenandoah. In the expedition, he began to appreciate

the uses and value of land, an appreciation that grew the following year

with his appointment as Culpeper County surveyor, certified by the

College of William and Mary.

Washington also succeeded to Lawrence's militia office. Governor Robert

Dinwiddie first appointed him adjutant for the southern district of the

colony's militia, but soon conferred on him Lawrence's aide for

the Northern Neck and Eastern Shore. So it happened that in 1753 the

governor sent 21-year-old Washington to warn French troops at Fort

Duquesne at the forks of the Ohio (modern Pittsburgh) that they were

infiltrating in territory claimed by Virginia.

The French ignored the warning and the mission failed, but when

Washington returned Dinwiddie had Williamsburg printer William Hunter

publish his official report as The Journal of Major George Washington.

It made the young officer well-known at home and abroad.

Returning to the Ohio in April with 150 men to remove the intruders,

Washington got his first taste of war in a fight with a French

scouting party. He wrote to his brother Jack, "I heard the bullets

whistle, and, believe me, there is something charming in the sound."

A second engagement quickly followed and Washington, retreating to Fort

Necessity, was beaten by a more numerous French force. He surrendered

and, in his ignorance of French, signed an embarrassing surrender

agreement. But he had opportunities to correct his defeat. The whistling

bullets declared the start of the Seven Years' War, as it was called in

Europe. In America it was called the French and Indian War or,

sometimes, Virginia's War. Horace Walpole wrote, "The volley fired by a

young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire."

Washington returned to the field as an aide to General Braddock in 1755

and performed with honor, despite crippling illness, in the

disastrous campaign against Fort Duquesne. Later that year Dinwiddie

gave him command of all Virginia forces and promoted him to colonel.

In these years Washington had two disputes with English officers who

viewed their regular-army commissions as superior to that of the

Virginia militia commander. These disputes may mark the beginning of

Washington's resentment of British attitudes toward the colonies.

Operating from a fort at Winchester, Washington protected the Virginia frontier until 1758 when he was made a militia brigadier and helped to

chase the French from Fort Duquesne for good.

Washington resigned at war's end and retired to Mount Vernon. He was

defeated in elections for the House of Burgesses in 1755 and 1757, but

won in 1758 and was seated the following year from Frederick County. For

15 years he devoted himself to his legislative work and his farm. During

this period, he also became a family man, marrying the widow Martha

Dandridge Custis, the mother of two children, on January 6, 1759, in New

Kent County.

In 1760, Washington took on the additional duties of a Fairfax County

justice of the peace. He also found time for the amusements of a

Virginia gentleman--fox hunting, snuff taking, plays, billiards, cards,

dancing, and fishing. He delighted in bottles of Madeira, plates of

watermelon, and dishes of oysters.

In these years his anger of the inferiority of American interests

to those of England grew. When Parliament attempted to impose the Stamp

Act in 1769, Washington told an friend that Parliament "hath no

more right to put their hands into my pocket, without my consent, than I

have to put my hands into yours for money."

By 1774 he was in the lead of the defense of Virginia liberties and

was among the rebellious burgesses who gathered at the Raleigh Tavern on

May 27 after Governor Dunmore dissolved the house. Washington signed the

resolves proposing a Continental congress and nonimportation of British

goods. On July 18, he chaired the Alexandria meeting that adopted George

Mason's "Fairfax Resolutions."

Sent to the First Continental Congress, Washington returned home

afterward to organize independent militia companies in Northern Virginia

and to win election to the Second Continental Congress. In Philadelphia

on June 15, 1775, he was offered command of America's forces, accepted,

vowed to accept no pay, and left to take over the army at Boston.

Nevertheless, the weakness of the government created by the Articles of

Confederation concerned Washington and, in 1786, Shays's Rebellion

alarmed him. He readily accepted a seat in the federal convention

and election to its presidency. His agreed election as the first

president of the United States was certain before the Constitution was

even adopted and, again, he accepted with caution. "My movements to

the chair of government will be accompanied by feeling not unlike those

of a culprit, who is going to the place of his execution," he wrote

after the ballot. On April 30, 1789, he took the oath of office in New

York at age 57.

Washington not only had to organize a government but also to create a

role for the highest officer of the new nation. Both tasks earned him

enemies. Always opposed to factions, his two administrations

nevertheless assist the bitter competition of the Federalist and

Antifederalist parties.

Washington issued his farewell address on September 7,

1796, and was replaced by John Adams the following March 4. His last

official act was to Forgive the members in the Whiskey Rebellion.

When relations with France soured in 1798, his Country once more turned

to Washington for his service. Adams appointed him lieutenant general of

a provisional army. The danger deteriorated before the troops built.

In December 1799, after a day spent riding on his farms in foul weather,

Washington's throat became inflamed. At 2 a.m. on December14, he

awakened his wife to say that he was having trouble breathing. At

sunrise she sent for Dr. James Craig, who arrived at 9 a.m. and

diagnosed the illness as "inflammatory quinsy." During the morning

Washington was bled three times and two more doctors, Elisha Dick of

Alexandria and Gustavus Brown, were summoned. One counseled against

bleeding, but more blood was taken and purges administered.

Bibliography

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