Essay, Research Paper: The Adirondacks

The Adirondacks

The Adirondacks are a group of mountains surrounded by many lakes
and rivers, that cover over 5,000 square miles in the northeastern
part of New York. There are a lot of large tourist villages on every
lake. Motor boating and other water activities take place on almost
every lake in the area. It is a vacation paradise for thousands. But,
industrial emissions from Canada and the Ohio river valley always drift
to this area and cause acid rain. This silent killer is destroying these
beautiful lakes and their surrounding watersheds. Acid rain has an
adverse effect on the lakes, and their surrounding watersheds, of the
Adirondacks in New York State.

Acid rain is defined as chemically polluted rainfall. It's causes are:
coal burning plants, industrial factories, smelters, and car emissions.
It's formed by water molecules combining with the sulfur dioxide
emitted by the burning of coal and with nitrogen oxide from auto
emissions. The result is an acidity level that's harmful to fish, wildlife,
plants, and trees. Already, 1,200 lakes in the U.S. have been
completely acidified so the lake water is unfit for human use and little
or nothing can live in it.

Such is the case in the Adirondacks, which are a group of mountains
surrounded by many lakes and rivers. They cover over 5,000 square
miles in the northeastern part of New York state. It's an area where
large resort villages are around the Saranac river and Lake George.
Lumbering and mining for iron and graphite go on in this area and it
was once a place for major industry. Unfortunately, this is an area
where acid rain has become a regular part of the water that flows
through it.

In recent years, acid rain hasn't really been in the news because
people have felt that the problem has been taken care of so,
therefore, it's not around anymore. However there has been no
evidence that the acidification of lakes in the Northeastern U.S. has
stopped or even slowed down. The analysis of sediments from lakes
in the Adirondacks has shown that acidity started rising in the 1930's
and 40's and has been rising steadily ever since. There are two
possible reasons for this. Scientists have been studying the chemistry
of the rain and they've discovered that while the deposition of
sulfuric acid has decreased in the last two years, the deposition of
nitric acid has increased. This means that the acidity of the rainfall
hasn't really changed. Decades of acid deposition have affected the
buffering capacity of sensitive watersheds so acidification in very
sensitive lakes can continue even if acidity is decreased.Researchers
have found that geology and weather contribute to the increased
acid sensitivity at high altitudes. The rainfall and lake's collection of
rain runoff tend to go up with the altitude in the Adirondacks. So
higher lakes usually receive more acid rain. Also, these high altitude
lakes tend to sit near thin soil leading to more acidity. All of this
means that more fish kills will occur because the only life these lakes
can support are water insects and yellow perch.

With all these problems acid rain has made possible over the past
fifty years, there are bound to be some solutions. A possible solution
is "liming". This form of treatment is named for the limestone
commonly used in this procedure. It involves applying mineral powders
or pellets directly into affected lakes and streams. It brings about an
almost immediate and potentially revitalizing increase in ph. The
water containing the buffering agent is flushed out of the system and
is replace by untreated water. This replacement will occur after a
year or two. This treatment also limes the land draining into the lakes
and streams. Watershed liming would prevent the potential of toxic
over buffering that has resulted from some of the poorly controlled
lake treatments. This is the fastest remedy for surface-water
acidification and most effective method known because of its
chemical neutralization.

Limestone can also prevent acidification. If a lake had a large deposit
of lime on its bottom, then it would be difficult for it to ever become
too acidic. One example of a lake with a limestone bottom is Lake
George, near the northeastern New York state border. Lake George is
thirty-five miles long and on average two miles across. At its deepest
point of 400 feet, there are most likely species of fish that man has
not yet discovered. Lake George is teeming with life of all kinds and is
in no danger of becoming too acidic. But, Jabes Pond, which is less
than a 1.5 mile hike away from water's edge at Silver Bay, is almost
completely dead. Jabes Pond is a mile long and around 1/2 a mile
across. Lake George and Jabes Pond both receive the same rain,
which is highly acidic, but Jabes Pond is virtually lifeless while Lake
George is very much alive. This is because of the difference in size
and the natural deposit of limestone at the bottom of Lake George
and the absence of lime in Jabes Pond.

Many scientists urge that measures to control acid rain begin
immediately. The most direct action would be to cut off pollution at
the source. Regulations require that new coal-burning plants must
install expensive scrubbers in their smokestacks to remove most of
the dioxides. Other possible measures include burning only low-sulfur
oil or coal, or removing the sulfur from coal with high sulfur content.
Amendments have been proposed to the Clean Air Act of 1970 that
are designed to reduce sulfur and nitrogen emissions. The costs of
such measures are considerable, however, and who should pay them
continues to arouse controversy.

I think that acid rain is a horrible thing. The Adirondack area is very
special to me. I spend my entire summer and many weekends
throughout the school year in my house on Lake George. I always go
hiking on various mountain trails and I am amazed at the amount of
ponds and lakes I find. I am aggravated by the amount of dead,
sesspool ponds I see. I hope that the government will pass stronger
laws that will regulate the rate of emissions. I do not wish to see my
favorite vacation area destroyed before my children are born.