Essay, Research Paper: Philosophy - A Discourse On Aristotle

Aristotle was born in 384 BC and lived until 322 BC. He was a Greek philosopher and scientist,

who shares with Plato being considered the most famous of ancient philosophers. He was born at

Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to the royal court. When he was 17, he went to Athens

to study at Plato's Academy. He stayed for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher.

When Plato died in 347 BC, Aristotle moved to Assos, a city in Asia Minor, where a friend

of his named Hermias was the ruler. He counseled Hermias and married his niece and adopted

daughter, Pythias (wierd names, huh). After Hermias was captured and executed by the Persians,

Aristotle went to Pella, Macedonia's capital, and became the tutor of the king's young son

Alexander, later known as Alexander the Great. In 335, when Alexander became king, Aristotle

went back to Athens and established his own school, the Lyceum.Since a lot of the lessons

happenned when teachers and students were walking, it was nicknamed the Peripatetic school

(Peripatetic means walking). When Alexander died in 323 BC, strong anti-Macedonian feeling

was felt in Athens, and Aristotle went to a family estate in Euboea. He died there the following

year.
Aristotle, like Plato, used his dialogue in his beginning years at the Academy. Apart from a

few fragments in the works of later writers, his dialogues have been wholly lost. Aristotle also wrote

some short technical writings, including a dictionary of philosophic terms and a summary of the

"doctrines of Pythagoras" (the guy from the Pythagorean Theorem). Of these, only a few short pieces

have survived. Still in good shape, though, are Aristotle's lecture notes for carefully outlined courses

treating almost every type of knowledge and art. The writings that made him famous are mostly these,

which were collected by other editors. .
Among the writings are short informative lectures on logic, called Organon

(which means "instrument"), because "they provide the means by which positive knowledge is to be

attained"(They're not my words, I'm quoting him). His writing on natural science include Physics,

which gives a huge amount of information on astronomy, meteorology, plants, and animals. His

writings on the nature, scope, and properties of being, (I know what one of them means!) which

Aristotle called First Philosophy (to him it was "Prote philosophia"), were given the title Metaphysics

in the first published version of his works (around 60 BC), because in that edition they followed

Physics. His belief of the "Prime Mover", or first cause, was pure intellect, perfect in unity,
immutable,

and, as he said, "the thought of thought," is given in the Metaphysics. Other famous works include his

Rhetoric, his Poetics (which we only have incomplete pieces of), and his Politics (also incomplete).

Because of the influence of his father's medical profession, Aristotle's philosophy was mainly stressed

on biology, the opposite of Plato's emphasis on mathematics. Aristotle regarded the world as "made

up of individuals (substances) occurring in fixed natural kinds (species)" (more confusing quotes,

yippey!). He said "each individual has its built-in specific pattern of development and grows toward

proper self-realization as a specimen of its type. Growth, purpose, and direction are thus built into

nature." Although science studies many things, according to Aristotle, "these things find their existence

in particular individuals. Science and philosophy must therefore balance, not simply choose between,

the claims of empiricism (observation and sense experience) and formalism (rational deduction)."
One of the most famous of Aristotle's contributions was a new notion of causality. "Each thing or

event," he thought, "has more than one 'reason' that helps to explain what, why, and where it is."

Earlier Greek thinkers thought that only one sort of cause can explain itself; Aristotle said four. (The

word Aristotle uses, aition, "a responsible, explanatory factor" is not th same as the word cause now.)
These four causes are the "material cause", (the matter out of which a thing is made); the "efficient

cause", (the source of motion, generation, or change); the "formal cause", (the species, kind, or type);

and "the final cause", (the goal, or full development, of an individual, or the intended function of a

construction or invention.) Although I don't know what these mean, they sound philosiphical.an

example he gave is "a young lion is made up of tissues and organs, its material cause; the efficient

cause is its parents, who generated it; the formal cause is its species, lion; and its final cause is its
built-

in drive toward maturity." Another example he gave is "the material cause of a statue is the marble

from which it was carved; the efficient cause is the sculptor; the formal cause is the shape the sculptor

realized Hermes, perhaps; and the final cause is its function, to be a work of fine art."

In each wy, Aristotle says that something can be better understood when its causes can be said in

specific terms rather than in general terms. So it is more informative to know that a "sculptor" made

the statue than to know that an "artist" made it; and even more informative to know that "Polycleitus"

chiseled it rather than simply that a "sculptor" did so.
In astronomy, Aristotle proposed a finite, spherical universe, with the earth at its center. The

center is made up of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water. In Aristotle's physics, all of these
four

elements has a right place, determined by its relative heaviness, its "specific gravity." Each moves

naturally in a straight line. Earth goes down, fire up toward its proper place, where it will be at rest.
So

Earth's motion is always in a line and always comes to a halt. The heavens, though, move "naturally

and endlessly in a complex circular motion". The heavens, according to, must be made of a fifth, and

different element, which he called "aither." The strongest element, aither can't change other than

change of place in a circle movement. Aristotle's theory that linear motion always takes place through

a resisting medium is actually true for all planets that we can see motions.
Honestly, to me it seems like Aristotle was crazy. Many of his theories were completely false,

and I don't really understand why he is so famous. If I started saying the things he says now, I'd be

thrown into a mental hospital.