Issue of Preferential Hiring-

In recent years preferential hiring has become an issue of

great interest. Preferential hiring, which was devised to create

harmony between the different races and sexes, has divided the lines

even more. Supporters on both sides seem fixed in their positions and

often refuse to listen to the other group's platform. In this essay,

the recipients of preferential hiring will be either black or female,

and the position in question will be a professorship on the university

level. The hirings in question are cases that involve several

candidates, all roughly equal in their qualifications (including

experience, education, people skills, etc.), with the only difference

being race and/or sex. What we have here is a case of predetermined

preference. The two candidates in question are equal in all ways,

except race. The black applicant is selected, not because of skills or

qualifications (in that case the white man would have provided the

same result), but for his skin color. This seems to be blatant

discrimination, but many believe it is justified. Some feel

retribution for years of discrimination is reason enough, but that

issue will be discussed later. First, lets focus on why this is not a

solution to creating an unbiased society.

Martin Luther King Jr. had a dream: "I have a dream that my

four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not

be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their

character." He desired a world without discrimination, without

prejudice, and without stereotypes. The fundamental lesson years of

discrimination should have taught is that to give anyone preference

based on skin color, sex, or religious beliefs is, in one word, wrong.

As Martin Luther King Jr. stated, judgment based on skin color must

not exist. All preferential hiring does is keep judgments based on

skin color alive. Race and sex should not be issues in today's

society, yet preferential hiring continues to make these factors

issues by treating minorities as a group rather than as individuals.

More importantly preferential hiring may actually fuel, rather than

extinguish, feelings of racial hostility. Applying the concept of

preferential hiring to another situation may help elucidate its

shortcomings. A party of white men and a party of black men both

arrive at a restaurant at the same time and only one table is free.

The headwaiter can only seat one party and must make a decision.

According to preferential hiring theory it is necessary to seat the

black party first, since historically blacks have been discriminated

against when seated in restaurants. In another situation, a white man

and a black man are both equidistant from the last seat on the bus.

Both men are the same age, have no medical problems, and are equal in

all ways except skin color. Should the black man get the seat since in

the past black men have been discriminated against? We could continue

this practice for several centuries before the debt we owe for

depriving blacks of a seat on the bus would be paid. Perhaps these

examples are invalid. It could be said that jobs are a different

issue. They help define social status and provide economic well-being.

They might even boost self-confidence, something that discrimination

has stolen. Two points must be considered before moving any further.

First, blacks may learn better from a black, and women may learn

better from a woman. Second, hiring women and blacks will provide role

models for others. The first point Thomson quickly concedes as likely

to be false. Discussion about the second point however is required,

and will, in effect, serve to negate the first point as well.

First, lets create a character, Bill. Bill is grossly

overweight and unattractive. Studies have shown that many employers

discriminate (whether subconsciously or not), against both overweight

and unattractive individuals. Unfortunately for Bill, he fits into

both categories. His inability to land a job reflective of his

abilities, coupled with years of public humiliation through jokes

made at his expense, has destroyed his self-esteem. This has caused

him to accept as fact the notion that he will never be able to reach

his goals. Few "Bill" success stories exist, only further plummeting

his self-confidence. This example sounds strikingly similar to a

common argument for preferential hiring. I have been discriminated

against, which has caused my self esteem to fall, and now I am stuck,

with few role models to follow. Bill's success has probably been

thwarted by more sources than the today's average black or female, but

there is no provision in preferential hiring for him. Just like no one

can control their race or skin color, Bill's obesity is caused by a

medical problem beyond treatment. Selective preferential hiring won't

work. Even if one doesn't accept the fact that preferential hiring

discriminates against the white male, one must accept the fact that

preferential hiring discriminates against Bill.

Now let's assume that this argumentation is invalid for one

reason or another. Let's assume the lack of self-confidence and

self-respect that today's blacks and women are suffering from may

deserve some compensation. But before continuing, it seems necessary

to narrow the range of who qualifies for compensation for suffering.

The issue at hand concerns today's blacks and today's women. Today's

society is not responsible for incidents preceding its own existence.

Other opinions may not coincide with this belief, but I do not feel

any responsibility for the positive or negative actions of my

grandfather or my father. However, as a member of society I will take

responsibility for the positive or negative actions of society today.

For example, today's society is not responsible for blacks or women's

lack of voting rights years ago. If for some reason we were

responsible, how could this possibly be repaid? Make a black or female

vote count two or three times? No, this is preposterous. We have

canceled our debts, simply by giving them a right to vote and a say in

the election of their representatives. Now that is not to say that

today's society is not responsible for the discrimination of blacks

and women in recent years. But, even prior to the lifetime of those

that would be most affected by preferential hiring: both blacks and

women have had the right to vote; discrimination based on race, color,

religion, or sex has been illegal; segregation has ended; and the

civil rights movement has taken place. Clearly, we live in a different

United States than out predecessors. Today's blacks and women may

still experience some repercussions of discrimination, but for decades

laws have been enforced prohibiting discrimination. If someone

discriminates against a black today, charges could be filed against

that person and that person will be punished. That is the bottom line.

Preferential treatment cannot be given to victims of all crimes. It

would become chaotic trying pin the level of preference a victim

should get for different crimes. For a moment let's digress to the

case of Judy. Judy was raped. All society can offer her is the

punishment of her rapist, if her rapist is found guilty. Sure, Judy

will probably suffer for the rest of her life believing that it was

her fault; she will lose self-respect and self-confidence. But is Judy

going to receive preferential treatment when she walks into an office

and applies for a job? There is no space on a job application for Judy

to say: "I should receive special consideration, because several years

ago I was raped. This rape has caused me years of anguish, and now I

lack the self-confidence I once had. All this has cause me to

underachieve in school and in life. Please consider this when you

review my application." If Judy, who lost her self-confidence and

self-respect through the violation of her rights by a member of

society, is given no compensation for her trauma, why should blacks or

women? All society owes the victim of a crime is that the criminal be

punished if in fact a law was breached.

Possibly their case is more powerful. Not all women (or men)

are raped each year, but most blacks and women have been discriminated

against at some point in their life. Could we possibly owe the victims

of discrimination something?

If, as Thomson claims, all blacks and females have, as a

consequence of their past lack of rights, suffered a lack of

self-confidence and self-respect, then why preferentially give them

jobs? Jobs have no direct correlation to a lack of self-respect and

self-confidence. Indirectly, yes, maybe many blacks and women have not

been able to achieve their highest goals due to this lack of

self-confidence and are therefore handicapped when they enter the job

market. But it seems to me that if we were to solve the problem and

provide repayment with the loosening of qualifications necessary, or

even not the loosening but the offering of preferential treatment when

hiring blacks and women, this does not solve the problem. It seems to

make more sense to dig deeper; to find the root of the problem and

change it. Since we can't go back and change history, eliminating

the poor treatment blacks and women of the past, then the next best

thing seems to be to reverse the effects of discrimination in

the present.

The lack of presence in the upper levels of the job market is

not a direct effect of discrimination. It is, as Thomson states, a

lack of self-confidence and self-respect that has kept toady's blacks

and women down. So the logical solution would be to renew their

self-respect, and to restore their self-confidence. It seems like too

superficial of a solution to simply give blacks and women preference

when it comes to hiring. Certainly it would not bolster my

self-confidence to know that I received a job over another equally

qualified individual, simply due to my skin color or sex. I would feel

as if again race and sex were dominating decisions. Wasn't the

original goal to eliminate the issue of skin color and sex from all

decisions?

Thomson, in her essay on preferential hiring, tells us that

she is not happy with the solution of preferential hiring in its

entirety: "If there were some appropriate way in which the community

could make amends to its blacks and women, some way which did not

require depriving anyone of anything he has a right to, then that

would be the best course to take." There must be a better way.

Psychological treatment would help give the victims of poor treatment

renewed self-confidence, providing them the confidence to go out and

try to earn a job, rather than get handed a job. The feeling of

accomplishment that results from earning a job would help improve

self-confidence.

But now another issue arises. We would owe all victims of

crime some sort of compensation. Maybe there is another way to elevate

the status of minorities without bringing the issue of race or sex

into the arena. If what is desired by preferential hiring is a

jump-start to promote diversity in the workplace and in society, where

race and sex are irrelevant, why not enact a plan where preferential

hiring is not based on these factors? Instead, why not give preference

to underrepresented towns or areas of town (possibly by zip code), to

those that are financially burdened, and to those with handicaps. This

would help relieve the pressure of race and sex in these issues. The

underprivileged will still be given a jump-start, and diversity will

still be promoted.

However, this solution breaches another point that any form of

categorization of people should not occur. The solutions presented are

more acceptable than preferential hiring, though they still have their

defects. Why not bury the issue of race? Discrimination is waning. It

has become a crime to discriminate. Soon blacks and women will become

full members of the job world. There are plenty of role model success

stories available. There is no reason to believe that anyone, in

today's society, cannot achieve whatever they wish. Hard work and

diligence will pay off and eventually race and sex will no longer be

issues. The goal is to make race and sex irrelevant, and preferential

hiring only keeps these issues alive. Let's try to live in a society

modeled after Martin Luther King Jr.'s dream, and I believe the issues

of race and sex will disappear, leaving people to be judged solely on

their character.