Essay, Research Paper: Nature In Jane Eyre By Emily Bronte

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Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre
Nature in Jane Eyre

Charlotte Bronte makes use of nature imagery throughout "Jane
Eyre," and comments on both the human relationship with the outdoors and
human nature. The Oxford Reference Dictionary defines "nature" as "1. the
phenomena of the physical world as a whole . . . 2. a thing's essential
qualities; a person's or animal's innate character . . . 4. vital force,
functions, or needs." We will see how "Jane Eyre" comments on all of
these.
Several natural themes run through the novel, one of which is the
image of a stormy sea. After Jane saves Rochester's life, she gives us the
following metaphor of their relationship: "Till morning dawned I was tossed
on a buoyant but unquiet sea . . . I thought sometimes I saw beyond its
wild waters a shore . . . now and then a freshening gale, wakened by hope,
bore my spirit triumphantly towards the bourne: but . . . a counteracting
breeze blew off land, and continually drove me back." The gale is all the
forces that prevent Jane's union with Rochester. Later, Bronte, whether it
be intentional or not, conjures up the image of a buoyant sea when
Rochester says of Jane: "Your habitual expression in those days, Jane, was
. . . not buoyant." In fact, it is this buoyancy of Jane's relationship
with Rochester that keeps Jane afloat at her time of crisis in the heath:
"Why do I struggle to
retain a valueless life? Because I know, or believe, Mr. Rochester
is living."
Another recurrent image is Bronte's treatment of Birds. We first
witness Jane's fascination when she reads Bewick's History of British Birds
as a child. She reads of "death-white realms" and "'the solitary rocks and
promontories'" of sea-fowl. We quickly see how Jane identifies with the
bird. For her it is a form of escape, the idea of flying above the toils
of every day life. Several times the narrator talks of feeding birds
crumbs. Perhaps Bronte is telling us that this idea of escape is no more
than a fantasy -- one cannot escape when one must return for basic
sustenance. The link between Jane and birds is strengthened by the way
Bronte adumbrates poor nutrition at Lowood through a bird who is described
as "a little hungry robin."
Bronte brings the buoyant sea theme and the bird theme together in
the passage describing the first painting of Jane's that Rochester
examines. This painting depicts a turbulent sea with a sunken ship, and on
the mast perches a cormorant with a gold bracelet in its mouth, apparently
taken from a drowning body. While the imagery is perhaps too imprecise to
afford an exact interpretation, a possible explanation can be derived from
the context of previous treatments of these themes. The sea is surely a
metaphor for Rochester and Jane's relationship, as we have already seen.
Rochester is often described as a "dark" and dangerous man, which fits the
likeness of a cormorant; it is therefore likely that Bronte sees him as the
sea bird. As we shall see later, Jane goes through a sort of symbolic
death, so it makes sense for her to represent the drowned corpse. The gold
bracelet can be the purity and innocence of the old Jane that Rochester
managed to capture before she left him.
Having established some of the nature themes in "Jane Eyre," we can
now look at the natural cornerstone of the novel: the passage between her
flight from Thornfield and her acceptance into Morton.
In leaving Thornfield, Jane has severed all her connections; she
has cut through any umbilical cord. She narrates: "Not a tie holds me to
human society at this moment." After only taking a small parcel with her
from Thornfield, she leaves even that in the coach she rents. Gone are all
references to Rochester, or even her past life. A "sensible" heroine might
have gone to find her uncle, but Jane needed to leave her old life behind.
Jane is seeking a return to the womb of mother nature: "I have no
relative but the universal mother, Nature: I will seek her breast and ask
repose." We see how she seeks protection as she searches for a resting
place: "I struck straight into the heath; I held on to a hollow I saw
deeply furrowing the brown moorside; I waded knee-deep in its dark growth;
I turned with its turnings, and finding a moss-blackened granite crag in a
hidden angle, I sat down under it. High banks of moor were about me; the
crag protected my head: the sky was over that." In fact, the entire
countryside around Whitecross is a sort of encompassing womb: "a
north-midland shire . . . ridged with mountain: this I see. There are
great moors behind and on each hand of me; there are waves of mountains far
beyond that deep valley at my feet."
It is the moon, part of nature, that sends Jane away from Thornfield.
Jane narrates: "birds were faithful to their mates." Seeing
herself as unfaithful, Jane is seeking an existence in nature where
everything is simpler. Bronte was surely not aware of the large number of
species of bird that practice polygamy. While this fact is intrinsically
wholly irrelevant to the novel, it makes one ponder whether nature is
really so simple and perfect.
The concept of nature in "Jane Eyre" is reminiscent of Hegel's view
of the world: the instantiation of God. "The Lord is My Rock" is a popular
Christian saying. A rock implies a sense of strength, of support. Yet a
rock is also cold, inflexible, and unfeeling. The second definition listed
above for "nature" mentions a thing's "essential qualities," and this very
definition implies a sense of inflexibility. Jane's granite crag protects
her without caring; the wild cattle that she fears are also part of nature.
The hard strength of a rock is the very thing that makes it inflexible.
Similarly, the precipitation that makes Jane happy as she leaves
Thornfield, and the rain that is the life-force of everything in the heath,
is the same precipitation that led her to narrate this passage: "But my
night was wretched, my rest broken: the ground was damp . . . towards
morning it rained; the whole of the following day was wet." Just like a
benevolent God, nature will accept Jane no matter what: "Nature seemed to
me benign and good; I thought she loved me, outcast as I was." Praying in
the heather on her knees, Jane realizes that God is great: "Sure was I of
His efficiency to save what He had made: convinced I grew that neither
earth should perish, nor one of the souls it treasured."
Unsurprisingly, given Bronte's strongly anti-Church of England
stance, Jane realizes at some level that this reliance on God is
unsubstantiated: "But next day, Want came to me, pale and bare." Nature
and God have protected her from harm, providing meager shelter, warding off
bulls and hunters, and giving her enough sustenance in the form of wild
berries to keep her alive. It is Jane's "nature," defined above as "vital
force, functions, or needs," that drives her out of the heath. In the end,
it is towards humanity that she must turn.
Nature is an unsatisfactory solution to Jane's travails. It is
neither kind nor unkind, just nor unjust. Nature does not care about Jane.
She was attracted to the heath because it would not turn her away; it was
strong enough to keep her without needing anything in return. But this
isn't enough, and Jane is forced to seek sustenance in the town. Here she
encounters a different sort of nature: human nature. As the shopkeeper and
others coldly turn her away, we discover that human nature is weaker than
nature. However, there is one crucial advantage in human nature: it is
flexible. It is St. John and his sisters that finally provide the charity
Jane so desperately needs. They have bent what is established as human
nature to help her.
Making this claim raises the issue of the nature of St. John -- has
he a human nature, or is he so close to God that his nature is God-like?
The answer is a bit of both. St. John is filled with the same
dispassionate caring that God's nature provided Jane in the heath: he will
provide, a little, but he doesn't really care for her. We get the feeling
on the heath, as Jane stares into the vastness of space, that she is just
one small part of nature, and that God will not pay attention to that level
of detail. Similarly, she says of St. John: "he forgets, pitilessly, the
feelings and claims of little people, in pursuing his own large views." On
the other hand, St. John exhibits definitely human characteristics, most
obvious being the way he treats Jane after she refuses to marry him. He
claims not to be treating her badly, but he's lying to himself: "That
night, after he had kissed his sisters, he thought proper to forget even to
shake hands with me, but left the room in silence." What is important here
is that St. John is more human than God, and thus he and his sisters are
able to help Jane.
From the womb, Jane is reborn. She sees the future as an "awful
blank: something like the world when the deluge was gone by." She takes a
new name, Jane Elliott. With a new family, new friends, and a new job, she
is a new person. And the changes go deeper than that. The time she spent
in the heath and the moors purged her, both physically and mentally. Jane
needed to purge, to destroy the old foundations before she could build
anew.
It is necessary to examine these scenes of nature in the context of
the early to mid nineteenth-century. This was of course the time of the
Industrial Revolution, when as Robert Ferneaux Jordan put it, there was "a
shift from the oolite, the lias and the sand to the coal measures. What had
been the wooded hills of Yorkshire or Wales became, almost overnight, a
land of squalid villages and black, roaring, crowded cities. Villages and
small country markets became the Birminghams and Glasgows that we know."
They were draining the fens and the flats. For Bronte, this posits the
heath in "Jane Eyre" as something dated, the past more than the future.
Jane therefore must leave it in order to remake herself.
Another aspect of nineteenth-century England relevant to nature in
"Jane Eyre" was the debate over evolution versus Creationism. Though
Darwin didn't release "On the Origin of Species" until 1859, the seeds were
already being sown; indeed, there's speculation that Charles Darwin's
grandfather adumbrated some of Charles' theories. Lamark was the principle
predecessor of Darwin in terms of evolutionary theory. Though he turned
out to be completely wrong, he and others provided opposition for the
Creationists of the first half of the nineteenth century. One of
evolution's principles is "survival of the fittest," and this is exactly
what happens to Jane in the heath. Her old self is not strong enough, and
must die. The new Jane she is forging is a product of natural selection.
In fact, Jane is echoing the victory of evolution over Creation by the fact
that it is humans who save her, and not God.




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