Essay, Research Paper: Smart Card And Security

What is a Smart Card?
A smart card is a card that is embedded with either a microprocessor and a memory chip or only a memory chip with non-programmable logic. The microprocessor card can add, delete, and otherwise manipulate information on the card, while a memory-chip card (for example, pre-paid phone cards) can only undertake a pre-defined operation.
Smart cards, unlike magnetic stripe cards, can carry all necessary functions and information on the card. Therefore, they do not require access to remote databases at the time of the transaction.
Today, there are three categories of smart cards, all of which are evolving rapidly into new markets and applications:
 Integrated Circuit (IC) Microprocessor Cards. Microprocessor cards (also generally referred to by the industry as "chip cards") offer greater memory storage and security of data than a traditional mag stripe card. Chip cards also can process data on the card. The current generation of chip cards has an eight-bit processor, 16KB read-only memory, and 512 bytes of random-access memory. This gives them the equivalent processing power of the original IBM-XT computer, albeit with slightly less memory capacity.
These cards are used for a variety applications, especially those that have cryptography built in, which requires manipulation of large numbers. Thus, chip cards have been the main platform for cards that hold a secure digital identity. Some examples of these cards are:
 Cards that hold money ("stored value cards")
 Card that hold money equivalents (for example, "affinity cards)
 Cards that provide secure access to a network
 Cards that secure cellular phones from fraud
 Cards that allow set-top boxes on televisions to remain secure from piracy
 Integrated Circuit (IC) Memory Cards. IC memory cards can hold up to 1-4 KB of data, but have no processor on the card with which to manipulate that data. Thus, they are dependent on the card reader (also known as the card-accepting device) for their processing and are suitable for uses where the card performs a fixed operation.
Memory cards represent the bulk of the 600 million smart cards sold last year, primarily for pre-paid, disposable-card applications like pre-paid phone cards. Memory cards are popular as high-security alternatives to mag stripe cards.
 Optical Memory Cards. Optical memory cards look like a card with a piece of a CD glued on top - which is basically what they are. Optical memory cards can store up to 4 MB of data. But once written, the data cannot be changed or removed. Thus, this type of card is ideal for record keeping - for example medical files, driving records, or travel histories. Today, these cards have no processor in them (although this is coming in the near future). While the cards are comparable in price to chip cards, the card readers use non-standard protocols and are expensive.
Chip Comparisons
Maximum Data
Capacity Processing
Power Cost of
Card Cost of Reader
and Connection
Magnetic Stripe Cards 140 bytes None $0.20 - $0.75 $750
Integrated Circuit Memory Cards 1 Kbyte None $1 - $2.50 $500
Integrated Circuit Processor Cards 8 Kbytes 8-bit cpu, moving to 16- and 32-bit $7-$15 $500
Optical Memory Cards 4.9 Mbytes None $7 - $12 $3,500 - $4,000
Source: Gartner Group
The first smart card was developed in 1974, by independent inventor Roland Moreno. This year, almost 1 billion smart cards will be produced worldwide by several large manufacturers. Currently, 95% of these cards are issued in Europe, South America, and Asia. By the year 2000, Data Monitor predicts that over 3 billion cards will be in circulation worldwide - with over 15% of the total in use in the United States and Canada.
By way of comparison, there are over 900 million credit cards in circulation today. Major uses will include providing enhanced financial services, increasing the security and flexibility of cellular phones, and securing satellite and cable transmissions in TV set-top boxes